Fig. 1
Manual reduction of a displaced distal radius fracture (A → B → C → D). The dorsally displaced distal bone fragment was extended and pulled until the distal bone fragment's dorsal fracture surface contacted the dorsal fracture surface of the proximal bone fragment and was then bent to the palmar side to reduce.

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Fig. 2
Cast index=b/a.6) If the cast index is greater than 0.7, the possibility of re-displacement is high.

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Fig. 3
(A) Distal radius physeal fracture swith Salter–Harris type I. (B) After eight months, the physeal gap was narrowed, and physeal arrest is suspected. (C) After one year nine months, the ulnar was longer than the radius due to physeal arrest of the distal radius physis (ulnar impaction). (D) Ulnar shortening was performed. The residual growth of the distal ulnar bone was expected to be about 1 cm. Complete epiphysiodesis of the distal radial and ulnar growth plate was performed to prevent further deformity.

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Fig. 4
Galeazzi fracture (A, B) and Galeazzi-equivalent fracture (C, D). Unlike a Galeazzi fracture-dislocation, the distal radio-ulnar joint is preserved in the Galeazzi-equivalent fracture.

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Fig. 5
A 15-year-old boy's scaphoid fracture (A) was treated by percutaneous screw fixation (B). The scaphoid nonunion (C) was observed six months after surgery. There was no evidence of bony sclerosis, necrosis, or cyst on magnetic resonance imaging (D), and the subtle bony union was noted on the medial side. Additional cast fixation was performed for six weeks, and then complete healing (E) was observed.

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