Journal of Musculoskeletal Trauma

Systematic Diagnosis and Treatment Principles for Acute Fracture-Related Infections: Jeong-Seok Choi, Jun-Hyeok Kwon, Seong-Hyun Kang, Yun-Ki Ryu, Won-Seok Choi, Jong-Keon Oh, Jae-Woo Cho; J Korean Fract Soc 2023;36(4):148-161. Published online October 31, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12671/jkfs.2023.36.4.148

Abstract PDF: Acute fracture-related infection (FRI) is a common and serious complication of fracture treatment. The clinical symptoms of the patient and the results of the serological, radiological, and histopathologi-cal examinations can be divided into ‘Confirmatory’ criteria and ‘Suggestive’ criteria, allowing for the diagnosis of FRI. Treatment principles can be broadly categorized into (1) the DAIR (Debridement, Antimicrobial therapy, Implant Retention) method and (2) the staged reconstruction method. The choice of treatment depends on factors such as the time elapsed after infection, stability of the internal fixation device, reduction status, host physiology, and virulence of the pathogens. Thorough surgical debridement and irrigation, ensuring stability at the fracture site, reconstruction of bone defects, and appropriate soft tissue coverage, along with antibiotic therapy, are essential to suppress or eradicate the infection. The restoration of limb function should be promoted through proper soft tissue coverage and bone union at the fracture site.

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Treatment of Isolated Lateral Malleolar Fractures Using Locking Compression Plate Fixation and Tension Band Wiring Fixation: Woojin Shin, Seondo Kim, Jiyeon Park; J Korean Fract Soc 2020;33(1):16-21. Published online January 31, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12671/jkfs.2020.33.1.16

Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to compare the clinical and radiological outcomes of locking compression plate (LCP)-screw fixation and tension band wiring (TBW) fixation in isolated lateral malleolar fractures.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
From May 2016 to August 2018, 52 patients with isolated lateral malleolar fracture were retrospectively reviewed. They were divided into 30 cases of the LCP fixation group (Group I) and 22 cases of the TBW fixation group (Group II). The clinical and radiological results of those groups were compared. Pearson chi-square tests and independent t-tests were used in the statistical analysis.
RESULTS
The mean length of the surgical incision was 8.3 cm in Group I and 4.9 cm in Group II. Radiological union was obtained at a mean of 8.4 weeks in both groups. The mean American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society score was 90 (range, 85â€“97) and 92 (range, 85â€“100) in Groups I and II, respectively, at the last follow up.
CONCLUSION
Both the LCP-screw and TBW techniques revealed excellent results in isolated lateral malleolar fractures. The tension band technique may be a fine alternative method of fixation in the treatment of isolated lateral malleolar fracture.

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Treatment Options of Osteoporotic Vertebral Compression Fractures: Yu Mi Kim, Tae Kyun Kim, Dae Moo Shim, Kyeong Hoon Lim; J Korean Fract Soc 2018;31(3):114-121. Published online July 31, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12671/jkfs.2018.31.3.114

This paper reviews previous studies on the treatment of osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures in elderly patients to determine what factors should be considered for successful treatment. In osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures, the primary treatment is conservative treatments. Other treatments include osteoporosis treatment, pain control, orthosis, and physical therapy. Recently, percutaneous catheterization or balloon plasty is performed for rapid pain recovery and early ambulation. Percutaneous catheterization or balloon posterior plasty is effective in reducing pain and improving the activity ability. Surgical treatment should be considered in cases of nonunion or osteonecrosis, dent, deformation, and spinal cord compression after conservative treatment has failed. In surgical treatment, posterior spinal fixation and vertebroplasty are more advantageous in terms of the amount of bleeding, operation time compared to the anterior approach, but the most appropriate method should be selected through the patient's condition and understanding of each surgical method.

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Maigne Syndrome and Thoracolumbar Compression Fracture – An Overlooked Combination in Low Back Pain: A Case Report
Jae-Yong Shim, Myung-Hoon Shin
The Nerve.2025; 11(1): 21. CrossRef
Effects of Herbal Medicines on Bone Mineral Density Score in Osteoporosis or Osteopenia: Study Protocol for a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Su Min Hong, Eun Jung Lee
Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation.2021; 31(2): 49. CrossRef
Spinal Stability Evaluation According to the Change in the Spinal Fixation Segment Based on Finite Element Analysis
Cheol-Jeong Kim, Seung Min Son, Jin-Young Heo, Chi-Seung Lee
Journal of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute of Korea.2020; 33(3): 145. CrossRef

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Nonsurgical Treatment of a Distal Radius Fracture: When & How?: Young Ho Shin, Jun O Yoon, Jae Kwang Kim; J Korean Fract Soc 2018;31(2):71-78. Published online April 30, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12671/jkfs.2018.31.2.71

Abstract PDF

Distal radius fractures are a common upper extremity fracture and a considerable number of patients have a stable fracture. In the treatment of distal radius fractures, there is considerable disagreement regarding the need for a strict anatomical restoration with operation in elderly patients. Therefore, nonsurgical treatment is a still important treatment option in distal radius fractures. The radiological parameters of before or after manual reduction are important for deciding whether to perform operation or not. The radiological parameters include dorsal angulation of the articular surface, radial shortening, extent of dorsal comminution, intra-articular displacement, concomitant ulnar metaphyseal fracture, shear fracture, and fracture-dislocation of the distal radio-ulnar joint. In addition, clinical situations of patients, including age, activity level, underline disease, and recovery level, which the patients wish should be considered, comprehensively. For the duration of a splint or cast, three to four weeks are recommended in impacted or minimally displaced fractures and five to six weeks in displaced fractures. After reduction of the displaced fractures, patients should undergo a radiologicical examination every week to check the redisplacement or deformity of the fracture site until two or three weeks post trauma. Arm elevation is important for controlling fracture site swelling and finger exercises, including metacarpophalangeal joint motion, are needed to prevent hand stiffness. Active range of motion exercise of the wrist should be initiated immediately after removing the splint or cast.

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The Clinical Effect of Complex Korean Medical Admission Treatment in Patients with Fractures of Distal Radius by Traffic Accident: 2 Cases Series Report
Gyu-cheol Choi, Ji-won Lee, Ji-Eun Bae, Dong-jin Kim, Jeong-su Hong, Da-hyun Kyung
Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation.2021; 31(1): 187. CrossRef
The Clinical Effect of Rehabilitation Protocol for Distal Radius Fracture in Korean Medicine: A Report of 3 Cases
Won-Bae Ha, Ji-Hye Geum, Nak-Yong Koh, Jung-Han Lee
Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation.2018; 28(3): 97. CrossRef

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Bursting Fracture of the Proximal Femur during Insertion of Unreamed Femoral Nail for Femur Shaft Fracture: A Case Report: Ji Wan Kim, Seong Eun Byun, Won Hyuk Oh, Jung Jae Kim; J Korean Fract Soc 2010;23(2):227-231. Published online April 30, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12671/jkfs.2010.23.2.227

Abstract PDF

When treating femur shaft fracture in adults, undreamed nail can be an option in order to avoid systemic complications. To appropriately insert unreamed intramedullary nail, an accurate entry point and sufficient reaming of the entry portal is essential. The intramedullary canal of the proximal femur must be reamed over than the diameter of the proximal end of the nail. If the proximal reaming is not sufficient, complications such as bursting fracture of proximal femur can occur. We present two cases of bursting fracture of proximal femur following insertion of undreamed intramedullary nail as well as a literature review.

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Risk Factors Associated with Intraoperative Iatrogenic Fracture in Patients Undergoing Intramedullary Nailing for Atypical Femoral Fractures with Marked Anterior and Lateral Bowing
Yong Bum Joo, Yoo Sun Jeon, Woo Yong Lee, Hyung Jin Chung
Medicina.2023; 59(4): 735. CrossRef
Results of Intramedullary Nailing of Femoral Shaft Fracture - Trochanteric Entry Portal (Sirus Nail) versus Piriformis Entry Portal (M/DN Nail) -
Sang Ho Ha, Woong-Hee Kim, Gwang Chul Lee
Journal of the Korean Fracture Society.2014; 27(1): 50. CrossRef
Iatrogenic Femur Proximal Shaft Fracture during Nailing Using Lateral Entry Portal on Femur Shaft Fracture
Hong Moon Sohn, Gwang Chul Lee, Chae Won Lim
Journal of the Korean Orthopaedic Association.2014; 49(4): 272. CrossRef

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Risk Factors of Postoperative Delirium in Elderly Patients with Hip Fractures: Ki Hwan Kim, Duk Hwan Kho, Ju Yong Shin, Jin Yong Choi, Eung Sik Kim, Dong Heon Kim; J Korean Fract Soc 2008;21(3):189-194. Published online July 31, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12671/jkfs.2008.21.3.189

Abstract PDF

PURPOSE
To find out the relationship between various risk factors and post-operative delirium in elderly patients with hip fractures.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Out of 135 patients older than 65 years old who underwent the surgery for hip fracture in our department, between the periods of March 2003 to March 2005, 14 patients (10.4%) developed post-operative delirium and 121 patients (89.6%) did not. We studied risk factors of post-operative delirium in two groups.
RESULTS
In chi-square test between delirium group and non-delirium group, the patients were more likely to develop post-operative delirium if they had previous episodes of delirium, abnormal cognitive function, low walking ability before admission, high dependency on ADL (Activities of Daily Living), other medical accompanying diseases, history of dementia, post-operative hypoxia, post-operative electrolyte imbalance, low post-operative hemoglobin and hematocrit, low post-operative albumin and were older than 75 years old (p<0.05). Sex, type of fracture, anesthesia and the time between admission and operation did not show much difference between the two groups.
CONCLUSION
The risk factors of postoperative delirium in elderly patients with hip fracture have a tendency to be multifactorial. Therefore, we conclude that being prepared by thorough understanding of the risk factors and their relationships will help prevent post-operative delirium and result in good postoperative prognosis.

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Increased Serum Neuropeptide Galanin Level Is a Predictor of Cognitive Dysfunction in Patients with Hip Fracture
Zichao Xue, Ke Zhang, Biao Luo, Long Fan, Ruizhe Zhao, Guangliang Hu, Yuzhen Xu
Disease Markers.2021; 2021: 1. CrossRef
Sleep Disturbance Strongly Related to the Development of Postoperative Delirium in Proximal Femoral Fracture Patients Aged 60 or Older
Myung-Rae Cho, Suk-Kyoon Song, Cheol-Hwan Ryu
Hip & Pelvis.2020; 32(2): 93. CrossRef
Incidence and Associated Factors of Delirium after Orthopedic Surgery
Si-Wook Lee, Chul-Hyun Cho, Ki-Cheor Bae, Kyung-Jae Lee, Eun-Seok Son, Sang-Hyun Um
Journal of the Korean Orthopaedic Association.2019; 54(2): 157. CrossRef
Relationship between Delirium and Clinical Prognosis among Older Patients underwent Femur Fracture Surgery
Jae-Lan Shim, Seon-Young Hwang
Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society.2016; 17(2): 649. CrossRef
Relationship between Knowledge, Stress, and Nursing Performance about Care for Delirium in Geriatric Hospital Nurses
Eun-Hee Kim
Journal of Korean Clinical Health Science.2016; 4(2): 593. CrossRef
The effects of a tailored intensive care unit delirium prevention protocol: A randomized controlled trial
Kyoung-Ja Moon, Sun-Mi Lee
International Journal of Nursing Studies.2015; 52(9): 1423. CrossRef
Is Delirium an Unrecognized Threat to Patient Safety in Korean Intensive Care Units?
Kyoung-Ja Moon, Jinshi Piao, Yinji Jin, Sun-Mi Lee
Journal of Nursing Care Quality.2014; 29(1): 91. CrossRef
The Effects of Delirium Care Training Program for Nurses in Hospital Nursing Units
Moonja Kim, Haejung Lee
Korean Journal of Adult Nursing.2014; 26(5): 489. CrossRef
Knowledge, Performance and Stress about Care for Delirium in Orthopedic Hospital Nurses
Mi Young Kim, Young Eun
Journal of muscle and joint health.2013; 20(1): 72. CrossRef
The Experience of Delirium Care and Clinical Feasibility of the CAM-ICU in a Korean ICU
Joo-Hee Jung, Jung-Hye Lim, Eun-Jung Kim, Hyo-Chan An, Min-Kyung Kang, Jin Lee, Yu-Kyung Min, Eun-Zoo Park, Xiang-Hwa Song, Hye-Ryoung Kim, Sun-Mi Lee
Clinical Nursing Research.2013; 22(1): 95. CrossRef
Development and validation of the Korean Nursing Delirium Scale
Kyoung-Nam Kim, Cheol-Ho Kim, Kwang-Il Kim, Hyun-Jung Yoo, Si-Young Park, Yeon-Hwan Park
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2012; 42(3): 414. CrossRef
Influencing Factors of the Incidence of Delirium in Elderly Patients with Arthroplasty
Young-Whee Lee, Hye-Bin Im, Eun-Jeong Jeong, Hee-Sun Ma
Korean Journal of Adult Nursing.2012; 24(4): 348. CrossRef
Delirium After Spinal Surgery in Korean Population
Jin Kyu Lee, Ye-Soo Park
Spine.2010; 35(18): 1729. CrossRef
The Incidence and Related Factors of Delirium in Elderly Patients with Hip Fracture after Surgery
Bo-Kyung Sohn, Yerl-Bo Sung, Eun-Jin Park, Dong-Woo Lee
Journal of the Korean Geriatrics Society.2010; 14(3): 162. CrossRef

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Percutaneous Transphyseal Intramedullary K-wire Fixation for the Diaphyseal Forearm Fractures in Children: Jung Hoei Ku, Young Chul Go, Man Jun Park; J Korean Fract Soc 2006;19(3):374-377. Published online July 31, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12671/jkfs.2006.19.3.374

Abstract: PURPOSE
Although the standard treatment of diaphyseal forearm fractures in children is conservative treatment with closed reduction and cast immobilization, unstable or irreducible fractures are usually needed by surgical intervention. The aim of this article is to determine the efficacy of the percutaneous transphyseal intramedullary K-wires fixation for the forearm diaphyseal fractures in children.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
In this retrospective study, we reviewed 18 cases of forearm diaphyseal fractures in children, which were treated with percutaneous transphyseal intramedullary nailing using K-wires from January 2001 to December 2004. We analyzed the period for radiologic bone union and the complications until the last follow-up.
RESULTS
The average period of follow-up was 15 months with mean age of 7.8 years. The average time to bone union was 6.2 weeks and nonunion, malunion, radio-ulnar synostosis and refracture were not found, just 2 local pin site infections were seen but healed by conservative treatment. Postoperative scar was small and the complications until the last follow-up were not found.
CONCLUSION
In the operative treatment of the forearm diaphyseal fractures in children, we think percutaneous transphyseal intramedullary K-wire fixation is one of the effective methods because of the minimal invasiveness, simplicity and easiness in removal.

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Operative Treatment in Fracture-Dislocations of Carpometacarpal Joints: Jae Yeol Choi, Hun Kyu Shin, Kyung Mo Son, Chun Suk Ko; J Korean Fract Soc 2005;18(4):443-451. Published online October 31, 2005; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12671/jkfs.2005.18.4.443

Abstract PDF

PURPOSE
To present our operative experiences with carpometacarpal (CMC) injuries, excluding thumb.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Thirty four fracture and dislocations of CMC joint excluding thumb were reviewed retrospectively. Emphases were placed on injury mechanisms, anatomical location, times between diagnosis and surgery, treatment and complications.
RESULTS
The average age of patients was 31.5 years. 19 cases of axial loading by blow as an injury mechanism. The 5th CMC joint was found to be the most frequently involved single joint (18 cases of 34 cases). Dorsal dislocation of CMC joints was present in 12 cases. Comminution of the carpal or metacarpal bone was present in 18 cases. The average time to surgery was 6 days. Twenty-seven cases were operated upon by closed reduction and percutaneous pinning. Seven cases were treated by open reduction and internal fixation. In the last follow up period, a clinically full hand function was restored in 31 cases. Intermittent pain was present in 6 cases in which there was grip weakness in 4 cases and limitation of motion in 3 cases. However, all cases were able to activities of daily living.
CONCLUSION
We obtained good outcomes in CMC joint injuries through the accurate diagnosis and proper operative treatment.

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Clinical Study on Percutaneous Intramedullary Bioresorbable Pin Fixation for Fourth and Fifth Metacarpal Bone Fracture
Sang Hwan Lee, Sang Hun Kim, Eun Soo Park, Seung Min Nam, Ho Seong Shin
Journal of the Korean Society for Surgery of the Hand.2017; 22(2): 105. CrossRef
Percutaneous retrograde intramedullary single wire fixation for metacarpal shaft fracture of the little finger
Soo-Hong Han, Seung-Yong Rhee, Soon-Chul Lee, Seung-Chul Han, Yoon-Sik Cha
European Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery & Traumatology.2013; 23(8): 883. CrossRef
Operative Treatment in the Delayed Diagnosed Fracture and Dislocation of Hamatometacarpal Joint
Suk Ha Lee, Jong Wong Park, Jin Il Kim, Seoung Joon Lee
Journal of the Korean Fracture Society.2011; 24(3): 249. CrossRef
Comparison of Early Fixation and Late Fusion of 4, 5th Carpometacarpal Joint in the Intra-Articular Fractures of 4th and 5th Metacarpal Base
Chang Ho Yi, Jin Rok Oh
Journal of the Korean Fracture Society.2011; 24(1): 60. CrossRef
Percutaneous Retrograde Intramedullary Pin Fixation for Isolated Metacarpal Shaft Fracture of the Little Finger
Soo Hong Han, Hyung Ku Yoon, Dong Eun Shin, Seung Chul Han, Young Woong Kim
Journal of the Korean Fracture Society.2010; 23(4): 367. CrossRef
Operative Treatment of Trapezium Fractures
Ho Jung Kang, Nam Heon Seol, Man Seung Heo, Soo-Bong Hahn
Journal of the Korean Fracture Society.2009; 22(4): 276. CrossRef
Fracture-Dislocation of the Carpometacarpal Joint with the Fracture of Hamate
Jin Woong Yi, Whan Young Chung, Woo Suk Lee, Cheol Yong Park, Youn Moo Heo
Journal of the Korean Fracture Society.2008; 21(4): 297. CrossRef

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Development and Accuracy Test of a Robot-arm Type Image-guided Surgery System for Percutaneous Screw Fixation of the Sacro-iliac Joint: Jin Sup Yeom, Won Sik Choy, Hayong Kim, Jong Won Kang, Kwang Won Lee, Whoan Jeang Kim, Jae Hoon Ahn, Seong Kyu Park, Jong Hwa Won, Hyungmin Kim, Namkug Kim; J Korean Fract Soc 2005;18(2):191-197. Published online April 30, 2005; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12671/jkfs.2005.18.2.191

Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
To develop a robot-arm type image-guided surgery system for percuatneous screw fixation of the sacro-iliac joint and to evaluate its accuracy.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
We have developed an image-guided surgery system using a three-dimensional digitizer (Microscribe 3-D G2, Immersion, USA) and a personal computer. The registration error and target localization error at fiducial registration were measured 30 times for each using a phantom made with plastic pelvic bone model (Sawbones, USA). Sixteen 6.5 mm cannulated screws were inserted into four plastic bone models, and the accuracy was evaluated.
RESULTS
The target localization error was 1.46+/-0.47 mm while the registration error was 0.73+/-0.23 mm. All of the 16 screws were inserted well across the sacro-iliac joint, and there was neither cortical breach nor collision between screws or washers.
CONCLUSION
The accuracy of the developed system was similar to that of optical tracker-based navigation systems, and its helpfulness and usefulness was proven with simulation surgery using plastic bone models.

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The Usefulness of Non-operative Treatment of Distal Radius Fracture in Elderly Patients: Ki Ser Kang, Han Jun Lee, Sang Hak Lee; J Korean Fract Soc 2004;17(4):345-349. Published online October 31, 2004; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12671/jkfs.2004.17.4.345

Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
To disclose the correlation between the functional and radiologic results of the treatment of distal radius fracture in elderly patients by non-operative versus operative treatment.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
From January 1995 to December 2000, 36 patients, more than 60 years old with fractures of distal radius were treated and followed up for more than one year. We classified them using the Fernandez classification and evaluated functional and radiological results according to the subjective point system of Cole & Obletz and objective evaluation by Scheck.
RESULTS
In functional result, excellent to good results were obtained in 12 cases (71%) in the non-operative group and 14 cases (74%) in the operative group, there were no evidence of statistical difference between two groups (p>0.05). In radiographic results, mean radial inclination, loss of radial length and volar tilt were 13degree, 12.3 mm, 7.2degrees in the non-operative goup and 5.2degrees, 5.1 mm, 3.3degrees in the operative group on last follw-up radiographs, there were evidence of statistical difference between two groups (p<0.05).
CONCLUSION
Operative treatment is radiographically better result in distal radius of elderly patients but functional satisfaction is not significantly related with radiographic result. When we decide the treatment of elderly patients, non-operative treatment can be useful method, considering with patient's age and activity status.

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Operative Treatment of Proximal Tibial Plateau Fractures through Lateral Submeniscal Approach: Hyug Su An, Se Ang Chang, Jun Woo Park, Jin Seok Lee, Hun Ho Bang; J Korean Fract Soc 2004;17(3):237-242. Published online July 31, 2004; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12671/jkfs.2004.17.3.237

Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was conducted to evaluate the clinical results of proximal tibial plateau fractures treated with open reduction and internal fixation through the lateral submeniscal approach and allowed early motion of the knee and to evaluate the effectiveness of the approach.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
From January 1998 to December 2002, fifty four patients who underwent open reduction through the lateral submeniscal approach for proximal tibia plateau fracture and had a follow-up more than one year were included in this study. Clinical results were evaluated by postoperative radiographs taken at the last follow-up and Porter's assessment method.
RESULTS
Anatomical reduction was achieved under direct vision through the submeniscal approach in most of the cases in this study. The postoperative radiographs showed anatomical reduction in 32 cases (59%) and adequate reduction with displacement within 2 mm in 20 cases (37%). The clinical evaluation by Porter's assessment method revealed that 49 cases (91%) were acceptable results of excellent or good at the final follow-up CONCLUSION: This study indicates that open reduction and internal fixation through the lateral submeniscal approach can be a good option for proximal tibia plateau fractures because it allows accurate reduction of the articular fractures, which is confirmed directly during operation, identification and repair of associated soft tissue injuries are facilitated, sufficient bone graft and stable fixation of the articular fragments under direct vision allow early motion of the knee.

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Reduction of Pediatric Forearm Diaphyseal Fractures by Pin Leverage Technique: Soo Hong Han, Duck Yun Cho, Hyung Ku Yoon, Byung Soon Kim, Sung Hoon Kang, Tae Hyung Kim; J Korean Fract Soc 2004;17(1):59-63. Published online January 31, 2004; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12671/jkfs.2004.17.1.59

Abstract PDF

PURPOSE
Although the majority of children's forearm diaphyseal fractures may be treated conservatively with closed reduction and cast immobilization, unstable or irreducible fractures are usually treated by surgical management. Authors performed percutaneous pin leverage reduction technique for irreducible displaced diaphyseal fractures. The aim of this study is to determine the efficacy of pin leverage technique in pediatric forearm diaphyseal fractures MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this retrospective study, we reviewed 22 cases of forearm diaphyseal fractures reduced by percutaneous pin leverage technique between 1997 and 2002. We analyzed radiographs, operation time, hospital stay and immobilization period, range of motion, postoperative complications and functional results by Thomas.
RESULTS
Average length of follow up was 28 months with mean age of 10.5 years. All fractures in this series healed less than 2 degrees of diaphyseal angulation. Average operation time including anesthesia was 42 minutes and hospital stay was 4.6 days. Time to union was 49.6 days in average and range of motion and functional results were satisfactory in all cases except one case of congenital radioulnar synostosis. There was one case of superficial pin track infection as complication.
CONCLUSION
In operative treatment of children's diaphyseal fractures of forearm bones, percutaneous pin leverage reduction technique is a good alternative method prior to open reduction in case of difficult closed reduction.

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Pediatric Forearm Bone Fractures Treated with Flexible Intramedullary Nail
Suk Kyu Choo, Jin Hwan Kim, Hyung Keun Oh, Dong Hyun Kim
Journal of the Korean Fracture Society.2007; 20(2): 190. CrossRef

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Operative Treatment of Floating Shoulder: Ho Jung Kang, Gun Bo Park, Dong Joon Shim, Soo Bong Hahn, Eung Shick Kang; J Korean Fract Soc 2004;17(1):38-42. Published online January 31, 2004; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12671/jkfs.2004.17.1.38

Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
Conservative treatment of displaced ipsilateral compound fractures of clavicle and scapula neck or gleonoid cavity, causing a floating shoulder, cannot expect satisfactory results in all of them. We reviewed 9 operative cases of floating shoulders and analyzed the results with review of literature.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Nine patients with floating shoulders were operated from July 1996 to August 2000 were reviewed. Patient's age was in average 38.3 years old. Associated injuries were 4 cases of rib fractures and 1 case of humerus shaft fracture. Other injuries included 3 hemothorax, 2 pneumothorax, 1 brachial plexus injury, and 1 ulnar nerve injury. Operation for both clavicle and scapula fracture was done in 6 cases, and surgery was done for only clavicle in 3 cases. Internal fixation for clavicle was done with 3.5 mm AO reconstruction plate in 4 cases and Dynamic Compression Plate in 5 cases.
RESULTS
Clinical results by Hardegger method showed 7 cases of excellent, 1 case of good, and 1 case of poor. Complications include 2 cases of limitation of motion of shoulder joint and one case of residual pain.
CONCLUSION
Floating Shoulder is caused by high-energy trauma, therefore initial assessment of associated injuries should be done carefully. In evaluating the articular surface of the glenoid and positions of the fracture fragment, CT evaluation is very useful in planning the surgical treatment. Clinical results after surgery can give satisfactory results.

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Development of a Computer-assisted Surgery System for Screw Fixation of the Sacro-iliac Joint: Jin Sup Yeom, Won Sik Choy, Ha Yong Kim, Whoan Jeang Kim, Jong Won Kang, Yeongho Kim, Hyungmin Kim, Donghyun Seo, Seok Lee, Jae Bum Lee, Namkug Kim, Cheol Young Kim; J Korean Soc Fract 2003;16(1):1-7. Published online January 31, 2003; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12671/jksf.2003.16.1.1

Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
The purposes of this study were to develop a computer-assisted surgery system for percutaneous screw fixation of the sacro-iliac joint and to evaluate its accuracy.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
We have developed a navigation system composed of an optical tracking device (Polaris, Northern Digital, Canada) and a personal computer. The registration error and target localization error at hybrid registration were measured using a phantom. The errors were measured 30 times for each. Sixteen 6.5 mm cannulated screws were inserted into four plastic bone models (Sawbones, USA), and the accuracy was evaluated.
RESULTS
The registration error was 0.76 +/-0.33 mm, and the target localization error was 1.43 +/-0.42 mm. All of the 16 screws were inserted well across the sacro-iliac joint, and there was neither penetration of the cortical bones nor collision between screws or washers.
CONCLUSION
The accuracy of the developed system was similar to existing ones, and its usefulness and helpfulness was proven with screw insertion into plastic bone models.

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The results of Operative Treatment in the Proximal Tibial Plateau Fracture: Kyung Jin Song, Keun Ho Yang, Joo Hong Lee; J Korean Soc Fract 2002;15(4):489-496. Published online October 31, 2002; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12671/jksf.2002.15.4.489

Abstract PDF: INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to analyze the results, prognosis and complications in the treatment of proximal tibia plateau fractures, and to suggest the guideline for the proper management in the difficult cases of tibial plateau fractures.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
We have analyzed 27 cases, which surgically treated during recent five years with average 36.6 months follow-up. Patients ranged in age from 24 to 83 years at the time of hospitalization, consisting of 19 males(70.4%) and 8 females(29.6%). The type of fracture by Schatzker classification revealed in type I 3 cases(11.1%), type II 1 case(3.7%), type III 0 case(0%), type IV 3 cases(11.1%), type V 1 case(3.7%) and type VI 19 cases(70.4%). The associated injury occurred in 22 cases(81.5%), most of them were ipsilateral fibular, ipsilateral femoral and radioulnar fractures. The results were evaluated by Blokker 's criteria.
RESULTS
Screw fixation was done in 4 cases(18%) and plate fixation in 23 cases(85.2%), and bone grafting was done in 10 cases(37.0%). There were 10 postoperative complications with 3 cases of knee ankyosis, 3 cases of angular deformity, 3 cases of infection, and 1 case of traumatic arthritis. According to Blokker 's criteria, 22 cases(81.5%) had satisfactory results.
CONCLUSIONS
Accurate anatomical reduction and rigid internal fixation of the proximal tibial plateau fracture enabled early motion and normalization of injured soft tissues, and also provided functional improvement of the knee.

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Operative Treatment for AO Type C Supracondylar Fractures of the Distal Femur: Ho Rim Choi, Joon Min Song, Hee Kwon, Youm Gyu Ko, Jang Geun Lee, Chang Hun Yoon; J Korean Soc Fract 2002;15(2):166-172. Published online April 30, 2002; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12671/jksf.2002.15.2.166

Abstract PDF

PURPOSE
Treatment of supracondylar fracture of the distal femur is challenging because of its characteristic anatomy and common occurrence of severe comminution. We evaluated the clinical results of 15 cases of AO type C supracondylar fracture.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
From December 1990 to November 1999, fifteen of 27 cases of AO type C supracondylar fracture of the distal femur were treated operatively. Mean follow-up period was one year and 5 months (range, 1 year-3 years and 3 months). The mean age of patients was 43.6 years. Eleven cases were treated by internal fixation and four cases by Ilizarov. Clinical results were evaluated by Schatzker and Lambert criteria.
RESULT
There were 5 excellent, 4 good, 1 fair and 1 poor results (81% satisfactory) in 11 cases treated by internal fixation and 1 excellent, 2 good, 1 fair results (75% satisfactory) in 4 cases treated by external fixation. COCLUSION: To get satisfactory results, AO type C supracondylar fracture of the distal femur need to be reduced anatomically and require rigid internal fixation. External fixation using Ilizarov can be an effective method of treatment in cases of open fracture and severe comminution with osteoporosis.

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Surgical Treatment of AO Type C Distal Femoral Fractures Using Locking Compression Plate (LCP-DF, Synthes®)
Kap-Jung Kim, Sang Ki Lee, Won-Sik Choy, Won-Cho Kwon, Do Hyun Lee
Journal of the Korean Fracture Society.2010; 23(1): 20. CrossRef

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Operative Treatment of Tibial Plateau Fractures - Analysis of the factors affecting to the clincal results: Byeong Yeon Seong, Wan Soo Park, Sang Yul Shin, Yuen Ki Woo, Taek Geon Lee, Man Jae Park, Seung Ki Lee; J Korean Soc Fract 2002;15(1):87-96. Published online January 31, 2002; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12671/jksf.2002.15.1.87

Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between variable factors and clinical results following the operative treatment of the tibial plateau fractures.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The clinical and radiological analysis was performed on 29 cases of the tibial plateau fractures who had been treated with operative treatment and followed up for more than 1 year from January 1991 to December 1997. The analysis of clinical results was performed dividing into age, cause of injury, fracture type of Schatzker classification, associated soft tissue injury and method of operative treatment.
RESULTS
18 of 19 cases that were ranged of ages between 30 years and 59 years showed good clinical results as criteria of Blokker. Schatzker type II was noted 11 cases(37.9%) as most common. 13 of 14 cases of the type I,II and III, were showed good clinical results, compare to 10 of 15 cases of the type IV,Vand VI. 12 of 18 cases which were related with associated soft tissue injuries, were showed good clinical results.
CONCLUSION
We could expect good clinical results if early knee joint mobilization following open reduction and rigid internal fixation could be obtained. Factors affecting clinical results are age, type of fracture, associated soft tissue injuries. Bad clinical results were related with young age group under 30 and over 60, more than Schatzker classification type IV of high energy trauma and associated injury of anterior cruciated ligment or meniscus.

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Radiation Exposure from Fluoroscopy during Orthopaedic Surgical Procedures: Su Young Bae, Jong Oh Kim, Jae Doo Yoo, Seong Yong Yoon, Jin Won Jang; J Korean Soc Fract 2001;14(4):792-798. Published online October 31, 2001; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12671/jksf.2001.14.4.792

Abstract PDF

PURPOSE
The aim of this study was to evaluate the radiation dose administered in orthopedic operative procedures and to determine whether all operation room personnel must use the lead protector.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
From March 2001 to May 2001, sixty six orthopedic operations were done with fluoroscopic intensifier(Series 9600TM, OEC Medical Systems Inc.). The accumulative exposure doses of operator, 1st assist, scrub nurse, circulating nurse and anesthesiologist were assessed by TLD(Thermo luminescence dosimeter) and compared with the dose limit set by the KINS(Korea Institute of Nuclear Safety). The exposure times and doses were evaluated in each cases and analyzed according to the each procedure. The exposure doses were assessed by the distance (Om, 0.5m, 1m, 2m) from the fluoroscopic generator.
RESULTS
Accumulative exposure doses(3 months) were checked 1.37mSv in operator, 1.73mSv in 1st assist, 0.17mSv in scrub nurse, 1.01mSv in circulating nurse, 0.01mSv in anesthesiologists and all doses were lower than dose limit set by the KINS(12.5mSv). Low exposure was checked in procedure of hand, ankle, cervical spine but high exposure was checked in IM nailing of femur(one way Anova with postHoc test, p<0.05). The exposure doses were decreased with the distance and exposure dose out of 1m was minimal.
CONCLUSION
Radiation is higher in IM nailing procedure but the total accumulative doses were safe especially in personnel who can fall apart from the operation field more than lm. So, we conclude that the lead protector is not essential to the all operation room personnel.

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Radiation exposure and fluoroscopically-guided interventional procedures among orthopedic surgeons in South Korea
Seonghoon Kang, Eun Shil Cha, Ye Jin Bang, Teresa W. Na, Dalnim Lee, Sang Youn Song, Won Jin Lee
Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology.2020;[Epub] CrossRef

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Operative treatment of fracture of medial epicondyle of humerus in children: Ho Jung Kang, Yong Min Cheon, Kye Wook Song, Eung Shick Kang, Hui Wan Park; J Korean Soc Fract 2001;14(4):762-768. Published online October 31, 2001; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12671/jksf.2001.14.4.762

Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
We investigated injury mechanism, clinical feature, treatment, and prognosis in fracture of medial epicondyle of humerus in children. MATERIAL AND METHOD: From April 1997 to April 2000, 10 fractures of medial epicondyle of humerus treated by operative method and followed up for minimum 12 months were analyzed retrospectively.
RESULTS
The injury mechanism includes slip down with elbow outstretched in 8 case, throwing ball in one case, arm wrestling in other one case. Ulnar nerve symptom at the distal region of fracture site was noted in one case. 2 cases had elbow dislocation at the time of trauma. Fractured fragment displaced more than 5mm in 9 cases and fractured fragment incarcerated in elbow joint in one case. Open reduction and internal fixation was done with medial approach. The mean period of cast immobilization was 6 weeks postoperatively and after removal of cast, gentle exercise of range of motion was started. After operation and postoperative follow up, in all case except one, the full range of motion of elbow joint was recovered and there were no Unar nerve symptom and valgus instability in affected elbow joint.
CONCLUSION
The indication of operation for fracture of medial epicondyle of humerus is controversial, yet. We had done open reduction and internal fixation for medial epicondyle of humerus only in case of displacement of fractured fragment more than 5mm and incarceration in elbow joint after manual reduction, ulnar nerve symptom. In 90 percents of all case, the result was satisfactory.

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Operative treatment of Radial neck fractures in Children: Ho Jung Kang, Jae Hoon Jun, Kye Wook Song, Soo Bong Hahn, Eung Shick Kang; J Korean Soc Fract 2001;14(4):745-752. Published online October 31, 2001; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12671/jksf.2001.14.4.745

Abstract PDF: OBJECTS: Radial neck fractures are uncommon in children, and most cases were treated by conservative treatment or manual reduction. But if proximal fragment is angulated more than 30 degrees, and displaced more than 30%, operative treatment is needed. Operative treatment is also needed in cases of closed reduction failure or in type IV of Salter-Harris classification. If open reduction is not performed, limitation of motion, altered carrying angle and radiologic change occur. We retrospectively analyzed 12 patients who had operative treatment for radial neck fractures in children.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
From April 1996 to December 1998, 12 patients with radial head fracture, were admitted to our hospital and were treated by operation. The average age of 9 years and 6 months (range 5 years 11 months to 14 years). Falling down was most common cause of injury. Seven cases were treated by open reduction and 5 cases by closed reduction. On open reduction group, 3 cases were fixed by Kirschner wire and 4 cases fixed by mini-screw. On closed reduction group, 3 cases were reduced percutaneously using steinmann pin, 1 case reduced using curet, and I case was fixed with Kirschner wire.
RESULTS
Ten cases were evaluated as good or excellent by criteria for judging results of radial neck fracture by Tibone and Stortz. Three cases had complication of heterotopic ossification, two cases had complication of limitation of motion. and one case had complication of pin loosening.
CONCLUSION
The operative treatment for radial neck fracture in children, improved the results of physical examination and roentgenographic evaluation. So operative treatment is needed for radial neck fracture in children which are more than 30 degrees angulation, more than 30% displacement and with displaced epiphyseal plate injury.

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Complications after treatment of tibial Non fracture: Ki Do Hong, Sung Sik Ha, Hyun Jong Cha; J Korean Soc Fract 2001;14(4):668-676. Published online October 31, 2001; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12671/jksf.2001.14.4.668

Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
Aim of this study was to find the treatment and preventive method of the complication occurred after treatment of tibial pilon fracture. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 10 cases of complication, which has required the unplanned operative treatment among 25 cases of tibial pilon fracture from 1994 to 1999 were analyzed rertrospectively according to the Ruedi-Allgower classification, open or closed fracture, isolated or polytrauma , type of complication, type of procedure, primary or delayed wound closure.
RESULTS
There were 1 type I, 3 type II, and 6 type III Ruedi-Allgower fracture type, 3 open fracture, 7 isolated and 3 polytrauma. 6 required plastic surgery procedure such as pedicle flap or full thickness skin graft and 7 required orthpaedic procedure such as osteotomy, cancellous bone graft, metal removal and currettage, debridement of ankle.
CONCLUSION
The complications after treatment of tibial pilon fracture are classified to intraoperative, early and late postoperative complication. Intraoperative complication include penetration of the joint by screw and inadequate reconstitution of the articular surface which can be avoided by taking intraoperative roetgenograms, early complication include wound necrosis which can be minimized by good soft tissue technique, late complication include nonunion, joint stiffness and posttraumatic arthritis can be treated by osteotomy, cancellous bone graft and anatomic reduction with early motion.

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Operative treatment of diaphyseal fractures of both forearm bones in adults: Eui Hwan Ahn, Sung Tae Lee, Ja Heon Koo; J Korean Soc Fract 2001;14(2):245-252. Published online April 30, 2001; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12671/jksf.2001.14.2.245

Abstract PDF

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of operative methods for diaphyseal fractures of both forearm bones in adults.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Forty five cases with diaphyseal fractures of both forearm bones over 18 year old that are treated by operative methods from January 1994 to December 1998 were followed and analyzed. The most common age group was 3rd and 4th decade(each, 24.4%). Traffic accident was the most common cause of injuries(31.2%). Among both the radius and ulna, middle 1/3 was the most common level of fractures(60%, 57.8%). In operative methods, open redeuction and internal fixation with dynamic compression plate(D.C.P.) and screws were performed in 39 cases, closed reduction and internal fixation with Rush pin were performed in 5 cases, And another 1 case was performed with D.C.P. and Rush pin simultaneously.
RESULTS
According to simple X-ray and physical examinations, The average of bone union periods was 12.7 weeks in radius, 13.5 weeks in ulna. The range of bone union periods according to the level of fractures was from 12.4 weeks to 14.1 weeks. For the functional results assessed by Grace and Eversmann method, excellent was 48.9%, good was 35.6%, acceptable was 11.1% and unacceptable was 4.4%.
CONCLUSION
The functional result was satisfactory in 84.5%. So the operative method of diaphyseal fractures of both forearm bones, if proper operative method had been selected and meticulous surgical technique had been performed, was considered as recommendable method.

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Treatment of a Segmental Ulnar Shaft Fracture and an Olecranon Fracture
Myoung Soo Kim, Kyu Pill Moon, Hyung Joon Cho, Jung Yun Bae, Kuen Tak Suh
Journal of the Korean Orthopaedic Association.2010; 45(6): 496. CrossRef

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Operative Treatment with the Reconstruction Plate for the Displaced Clavicle Shaft Fracture of Adults: Ig Gon Kim, Jae Hyek Kim, Ryong Hwang, Young Ill Hong; J Korean Soc Fract 2000;13(4):941-947. Published online October 31, 2000; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12671/jksf.2000.13.4.941

Abstract PDF

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to know the usefulness of bony union and faster recovery of shoulder motions by the open reduction and internal fixation with the reconstruction plate for the displaced clavicle shaft fracture of adults. MATERIAL AND METHOD: From January 1993 to December 1997, for 5 years, we analyzed 28 cases which underwent for a year of displaced clavicular shaft fracture over 11mm after open reduction and internal fixation with the reconstruction plate and supplementary iliac bone graft.
RESULT
At all 28 cases, there were united without delayed union for average 7.2 weeks after operation. Motion of the shoulder joint were returned to normal within 1.8 weeks except two cases who had combined humerus fracture and partial gastrectomy for peptic ulcer.
CONCLUSION
It seems that operative treatment with the reconstruction plate and supplementary bone graft for the displaced clavicle shaft fracture of adults showed effective union and faster recovery of shoulder motions.

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Does cerclage wiring interfere with fracture healing of osteosynthesis in comminuted midshaft clavicle fractures? A multicenter study
Hyo Jin Lee, Yong Bok Park, Chang Heon Shim, Young Min Noh
Orthopaedics & Traumatology: Surgery & Research.2021; 107(8): 103091. CrossRef
Anatomical Reduction of All Fracture Fragments and Fixation Using Inter-Fragmentary Screw and Plate in Comminuted and Displaced Clavicle Mid-Shaft Fracture
Kyoung Hwan Koh, Min Soo Shon, Seung Won Lee, Jong Ho Kim, Jae Chul Yoo
Journal of the Korean Fracture Society.2012; 25(4): 300. CrossRef
Does Interfragmentary Cerclage Wire Fixation in Clavicle Shaft Fracture Interfere the Fracture Healing?
Jae-Kwang Yum, Yong-Woon Shin, Hee-Sung Lee, Jae-Gu Park
Journal of the Korean Fracture Society.2011; 24(2): 138. CrossRef

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Operative Treatment of Acetabular Fractures: Jong Oh Kim, Yo Hun Yun, Dong Wook Kim, Young Do Koh, Jae Doo Yoo, Hyoung Jin Jeong, Yi Kyoung Shin; J Korean Soc Fract 2000;13(4):761-770. Published online October 31, 2000; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12671/jksf.2000.13.4.761

Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
We reviewed 47 cases of acetabular fractures which was treated operatively, to review the clinical results of operative treatment of acetabular fractures considering the experience of a surgeon, to assess the relationship between the quality of the operative reduction and the clinical results.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
We reviewed 47 cases of acetabular fractures which was treated operatively from September 1993 to December 1999 and follow up more than 1 year. And we analyzed retrospectively the data in the aspect of the relationships between the radiologic evaluation of the reduction and the clinical results, and we reviewed the initial 20 cases as a group I and the later 27 cases as a group II to compare the differences of clinical results of the two groups.
RESULTS
In the accuracy of reduction, anatomical reductions were 4 hips in the group I and 13 in the group II, satisfactory 7 hips in the group I and 9 hips in the group II, unsatisfactory 9 hips in the group I and 5 hips in the group II. We assess the over-all clinical result with the criteria of Merle d'Aubigne and Postel. In the group I, 20 hips, the clinical result was excellent for 3 hips(15%), good for 6 hips(30%), fair for 5 hips(25%), and poor for 6(30%) hips. In the group II, 27 hips, the clinical result was excellent for 11 hips(41%), good for 8 hips(30%), fair for 5 hips(18%), and poor for 3(11%).
CONCLUSION
The accuracy of reduction was closely related to the clinical results. And the more a surgeon getting experienced, the better accurate reduction and clinical results were possible.

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Operative Treatment of Displaced Acetabular Fractures: Prognostic Significance of Accurate Reduction: Hong Geun Jung, Jong Bum Lim, Myung Ho Kim; J Korean Soc Fract 2000;13(4):713-723. Published online October 31, 2000; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12671/jksf.2000.13.4.713

Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to clinically evaluate the series of displaced acetabular fractures and also to verify that the accuracy of reduction is one of the important prognostic factors for good clinical outcome. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study is based on retrospective review on 23 patients with displaced acetabular fractures who had undertaken open reduction and internal fixation during the period of June 1st, 1994 to December 31st, 1997. Follow up evaluation of the patients was done for average 25.1 months(15-45 months). According to Letournel and Judet classification, 15 of 23 hips hips were classified as elementary types and 8 hips as complex types. Average age at operation was 43.4(22-66years) years old. Twenty one of 23 fractures were caused by traffic accidents. Twenty of 23 hips were combined with hip dislocation, 18 of which were posterior type. Twenty-one of 23 hips were operated on by single operative approach (Kocher-Langenbeck or iliofemoral approach), while 2 cases were approached by anterior and posterior approach in one stage. Functional evaluations and Radiographic evaluations for the postoperative status of 34 patients were done with the criteria by Matta.
RESULTS
Overall clinical results for 14(60.9%) hips of total 23 hips were excellent or good. According to radiographic criteria, 13(56.5%) hips were classified as excellent or good. Postoperative hip joint congruity was found in 13(56.5%) hips, 11(84.6%) of which were included in good or excellent categories of clinical as well as radiographic results.
CONCLUSION
These findings indicated that for most displaced acetabular fractures, the good results with patient satisfaction can be achieved, if the hip joint were congruous post-operatively. Therefore the accuracy of reduction was verified as very important prognostic factor for good clinical and radiographic results.

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Treatment of Clavicle Fracture : Operative vs Non-operative: Seok Whan Song, Hwa Sung Lee, Young Kyun Woo, Seung Koo Rhee, Young Yul Kim; J Korean Soc Fract 2000;13(3):544-549. Published online July 31, 2000; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12671/jksf.2000.13.3.544

Abstract PDF

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to compare the final results of the patients of the clavicle fractures, treated with the conservative or surgical techniques.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
125 patients (over 15 years old, follow-up over 6 months) were reviewed. To measure the amount of shortening of the fractured clavicle, the length of clavicle was measured from the mid-point of the medial end to the lateral. Range of motion of shoulder, evaluation of functional results and subjective satisfaction, and complications were assessed.
RESULTS
In the surgical treatment group, the period of bony union was short and the shortening of the final length of the fractured clavicle, although there was no statistical significance, was rare. Overall satisfaction for the final result and range of motion of the shoulder were not significantly different between the groups. Complication rates were higher in the conservative treatment than in the surgical.
CONCLUSIONS
In most cases of the clavicle fracture, the operative treatment is recommended to decrease the complications, to shorten the treatment period, to satisfy the patients, and probably to decrease the economical burden.

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Progressive Brachial Plexus Palsy after Fixation of Clavicle Shaft Nonunion: A Case Report
Hong-Ki Jin, Ki Bong Park, Hyung Lae Cho, Jung-Il Kang, Wan Seok Lee
Journal of the Korean Fracture Society.2019; 32(2): 97. CrossRef

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Analysis of result of operative treatment for distal radius fracture: Jae Yul Choi, Kyung Chul Kim, Kyung Ho Kim; J Korean Soc Fract 2000;13(2):338-342. Published online April 30, 2000; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12671/jksf.2000.13.2.338

Abstract PDF

PURPOSE
: This study was performed to compare and analyze the result of operative treatment of each type of distal radius fracture.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
: From June 1995 to December 1998, operative treatment for 78 cases of distal radius fracture were performed. According to Fernandez classification of distal radius fracture, there were 31 Type III fractures, 28 Type I fractures. Mean follow up period was 23months and result was assessed according to scoring system of Sarmiento et al.
RESULT
: Excellent to good result were obtained 71.4% in Type I, 100% in Type II, 77.4% in Type III, 100% in Type IV, 50% in Type V.
CONCLUSION
: We obtained good result for Type I, II, III, IV with several operative method but complex method for Type V was not satisfactory.

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Treatment of Fractures of the Distal Radius Using Variable-Angle Volar Locking Plate
Jae-Cheon Sim, Sung-Sik Ha, Ki-Do Hong, Tae-Ho Kim, Min-Chul Sung
Journal of the Korean Fracture Society.2015; 28(1): 46. CrossRef
Comparison of Operative Management in Distal Radius Fractures Using 3.5 mm Versus 2.4 mm Volar Locking Compression Plates
Sung-Sik Ha, Tae-Ho Kim, Ki-Do Hong, Jae-Chun Sim, Jong Hyun Kim
Journal of the Korean Fracture Society.2011; 24(2): 156. CrossRef

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Periprosthetic Femur Fracture due to Unrecognized Surgical Instrument Left in the Medullary Canal : A case report: Ui Seoung Yoon, Keun Woo Kim, Yong Hoon Kim, Hak Jin Min, Kook Hyeung Cho, Min Sup Lee, Sang Rim Kim; J Korean Soc Fract 2000;13(2):334-337. Published online April 30, 2000; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12671/jksf.2000.13.2.334

Abstract PDF: Postoperative periprosthetic fracture of the femur after hip arthroplasty is a serious complication that can be difficult to treat. Moreover, it has become more common in recent years, as the cases of hip arthroplasty and revisonal hip arthroplasty increase. We have experienced a postoperative periprosthetic fracture of th femur probably caused by a surgical instrument left in the medullary canal during hip arthroplasty. We report this case with reference to other related articles.

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Operative Treatment of Avulsion Fractures of the Calcaneal Tuberosity: Ik Su Choi, Woo Il Kim, Hong Ju Ha, Jin Goo Kang, Seung Chan Ko; J Korean Soc Fract 1999;12(4):968-974. Published online October 31, 1999; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12671/jksf.1999.12.4.968

Abstract PDF: Avulsion fractures of the calcaneal tuberosity are rare injuries in extraarticular fractures of the calcaneus and were resulted from a separation of a shell of the posterior portion of the os calcis due to the pull of the Achilles tendon. Importance of anatomic reduction for the restoration of functional length of Achilles tendon were emphasized by many authors in the treatment of the fractures. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the results of operative treatment in avulsion fractures of the calcaneal tuberosity and to analyse the results in accordance with various prognostic factors. This article has reviewed a series of 6 avulsion fractures of calcaneal tuberosity, treated from March 1991 to November 1996. The results were as follows ; 1. In case of avulsion fracture of os calcaneus, open reduction and internal fixation was needed for the accurate anatomical reduction and maintenance of firm internal fixation. 2. The method of operative treatment was not significant influencing factor on the treatment result, however, it is more convenient to fix when cannulated screws were used because of the compressive effect on the fracture site. 3. Complications included superficial skin necrosis in one case, which resulted from the compression of bony fragment in case of avulsion fracture and another, wire fixation failure because of bone resorption resulted from wide soft tissue dissection.

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The Operative Treatment of Subtrochanteric Fractures of the Femur: Sang Won Park, Young Soo Byun, Dang Jae Lim; J Korean Soc Fract 1999;12(4):818-823. Published online October 31, 1999; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12671/jksf.1999.12.4.818

Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
: The authort have investigated the subtrochanteric fractures, which were treated operatively using variable internal fixation devices to determine the clinical results according to the fracture types and internal fixation devices.
MATERIALS and METHODS
: We have reported 18 cases of subtrochanteric fractures, which were treated operatively using variable internal fixation devices from October, 1992 to December, 1997. fourteen cases were male and 4 cases were female. Eight cases were type I, 5 cases were type II and 5 cases were type III by Fieldings classification. Of fixation devices, 13 cases were DHS, and 5 cases were interlocking intramedullary nail. The mean duration of follow up was 1 year and 6 months.
RESULTS
The mean duration of bony union was 20.3 weeks, and there was no significant difference between fracture types or between internal fixation devices. Of the 18 cases, 4 complications(22%) were occured ; delayed union(1 case), nonunion(1 case), and varus deformity(2 cases).
CONCLUSION
: The internal fixation devices should be chosen adequately according to the fracture type in subtrochanteric fracture of the femur. Also, additional bone graft was necessary for posteromedial cortical defect to decrease complications, in cases of nail-plate devices especially.

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Operative Treatment of Metacarpal Shaft Fracture: Bum Soo Kim, Sung Do Cho, Yong Sun Cho, Tae Woo Park, Hwa Chel Cheong, Soon Woo Hong, Soo Hyun Cho; J Korean Soc Fract 1999;12(3):720-726. Published online July 31, 1999; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12671/jksf.1999.12.3.720

Abstract PDF

The goal of treatment of fractures of the metacarpals includes the restoration or preservation of hand function. To accomplish this goal, the physician must select a method that will offer the least soft tissue damage and accelerate the mobilization of the injured part as soon as the fracture stability permits. The majority of fractures of metacarpals can be effectively treated by nonoperative approach, but when several metacarpals are fractured, when there is open soft tissue trauma, and when there are displaced fractures that cannot be reduced or cannot maintain the reduction, internal fixation is indicated. The authors reviewed 117 cases of metacarpal shaft fractures on which the operative treatment was performed. Closed reduction and percutaneous Kirschner wire fixation were performed on the 62 cases, open reduction and Kirschner wire fixation were performed on the 12 cases, closed reduction and percutaneous screw fixation were performed on the 16 cases, and open reduction and plate and screw fixation were performed on the 27 cases. The patient was followed up for 36 months in average. The results were evaluated on the basis of total active motion of the fingers. The results were satisfactory in 92 percent of the cases in closed reduction and percutaneous Kirschner wire fixation cases, 75 percent in open reduction and Kirschner wire fixation cases, 85 percents in open reduction and plate and screw fixation cases, and all the cases of the patients in the closed reduction and percutaneous screw fixation cases. The closed reduction and percutaneous screw fixation provided relatively stable fixation and minimal soft tissue injury, so the injured hand could be mobilized soon after the operation, and consequentely the excellent outcome was accomplished. So the authors suggest that in selected cases, the closed reduction and percutaneous screw fixation can be used as one of the good treatment methods in the treatment of metacarpal fractures.

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A Comparative Study of Tensile Strength of Three Operative Fixation Techniques for Metacarpal Shaft Fractures in Adults: A Cadaver Study
Jin Rok Oh, Doo Sup Kim, Jun Seop Yeom, Sang Kyu Kang, Yun Tae Kim
Clinics in Orthopedic Surgery.2019; 11(1): 120. CrossRef
Modified Bouquet Technique for Treatment of Metacarpal Neck Fractures
Yong-Gyu Sung, Seok-Whan Song, Yoon-Min Lee
Journal of the Korean Society for Surgery of the Hand.2016; 21(3): 137. CrossRef
Antegrade Intramedullary Prebent K-wire Fixation for the 5th Metacarpal Neck Fracture
Tae-Hyung Kim, Bo Hyeon Kim, In-Ho Jung, Dong-Hyun Kim
Journal of the Korean Fracture Society.2011; 24(1): 67. CrossRef
Bouquet Pin Intramedullary Nail Technique of the 5th Metacarpal Neck Fractures
Myung-Ho Kim, Moon-Jib Yoo, Jong-Pil Kim, Ju-Hong Lee, Jin-Won Lee
Journal of the Korean Fracture Society.2007; 20(1): 64. CrossRef

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Operative Treatment of the Tibial Pilon Fractures: Suk Woong Yoon, Tae Sung Hwang, Byung Gue Park, Sang Deog Kim; J Korean Soc Fract 1999;12(3):622-631. Published online July 31, 1999; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12671/jksf.1999.12.3.622

Abstract PDF: Pilon fracture which is defined as a comminuted intraarticular fracture of distal tibia has been known to be difficult to manage because high axial compression and rotational forces to the ankle joint result in impaction, severe comminution, metaphyseal disruption, and soft tissue trauma. Several authors have reported good results using an AO group treatment principle. However, others have documented less favorable results such as skin slough, wound infection, and osteomyelitis. Recently, satisfactory results were obtained by the treatment with open reduction and fixation using Ilizarov method. We reviewed and analyzed 22 cases of the pilon fracture treated by the two methods O.R.I.F. and fixation by Ilizarov method) and compared the results to find out the usefulness of fixation by Ilizarov method, from Feb. 1993 to Mar. 1997 at the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Seoul Red Cross Hospital. Fixation by Ilizarov method using ligamentotaxis and occasional minimal open reduction was effective for fracture reduction. It also decreased complications such as wound infection, skin necrosis, and osteomyelitis because it did not need extensive soft tissue dissection. And, it was also useful for severe comminuted fracture, open fracture, and fracture with extensive diaphyseal extension to proximal metaphysis.

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Intraoperative Fracture of the Tibia Associated with Removal of the Interlocking Intramedullary Nail: Report of 5 cases: Chan Hoon Yoo, Young Soo Byun, Hong Tae Kim, Hyun Min Kim, Yeon Min Park, Soo Yeol Jeon; J Korean Soc Fract 1999;12(3):538-542. Published online July 31, 1999; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12671/jksf.1999.12.3.538

Abstract PDF

We have experienced five cases of intraoperative fracture of the tibia assoicated with removal of ACE interlocking tibial nail. All fractures occured in young patients whose ages ranged from eighteen to twenty-nine years(mean, 24 years). We think the main reason of the fracture was characteristic design of ACE nail such as prominent distal angulation and posterior longitudinal slot. The other factors were age of the patient, material of the nail and timing of removal of the nail. In conclusion, we advise caution in the removal of the ACE reamed interlocking intramedullary tibial nail in young patient.

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Failure to Remove a Trochanteric Entry Femoral Nail and Its Cause in Adolescent Patients: Two Cases Report
Ji-Hwan Kim, Seung-Oh Nam, Young-Soo Byun, Han-Sang Kim
Journal of the Korean Fracture Society.2015; 28(1): 71. CrossRef

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Management for Postoperative Infection of Fractures: Eui Hwan Ahn, In Whan Chung, Jeong Hwan Oh, Seong Tae Lee, Duk Hwan Kho; J Korean Soc Fract 1999;12(2):402-410. Published online April 30, 1999; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12671/jksf.1999.12.2.402

Abstract PDF

It is often difficult to eradicate infection and achieve bony union in postoperative infection after fracture fixation. Authors treated 14 such cases from February 1992 to February 1998, and followed up for 6 to 35 months. The purpose of this study is to review the clinical features of the postoperative infection and assess the treatment modality which influence the time required for attaining bony union and healing of infection. The results were as follows : 1. Primary fixation were left in place in 5 cases of stable fixation, and new external fixation and/or another fixations were required in 8 cases of unstable fixation. 2. Time required for achieving union was 4.7 months for stable primary fixation and 12.8 months for unstable primary fixation. 3. Time required for healing in infection was 3.5 months for stable primary fixation and 14.4 months for unstable primary fixation. 4. Bony union was delayed as the number of surgical procedures were increased. 5. Antibiotic cement beads were inserted for 5 cases into bony defect and dead space after curettage and sequestrectomy, and pus discharge was stopped after 8.8 weeks in average.

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A Review of Domestic and International Clinical Research Trends on Pharmacopuncture Treatment for Fractures
Hea Sun Chun
Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine.2023; 37(6): 185. CrossRef

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Non-operative Treatment of Fracture of Distal Radius in Adults: Sang Won Park, Ki Hoon Kang, Ki Hong Lee; J Korean Soc Fract 1999;12(1):153-161. Published online January 31, 1999; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12671/jksf.1999.12.1.153

Abstract PDF: The authors analysed ninety-five cases of fracture of distal radius in adults with non-operative treatment followed for more than one year at Korea University Hospital from January 1991 to December 1996 to evaluate the clinical results according to the types of fracture by Fernandez classification and the methods of non-operative treatment. The results obtained were as follows ; 1. Methods of treatment were closed reduction and cast immobilization in 51 cases(53.7%) and closed reduction and percutaneous pinning in 44 cases(46.3%). 2. In a group treated with closed reduction and cast immobilization, the results of subjective evaluation were excellent in 3.9%, good in 47.1%, fair in 45.1% and poor in 3.9%, and the results of objective evaluation were good in 42.8%, fair in 36.5%, and poor in 20.7%. 3. In a group treated with closed reduction and percutaneous pinning, the results of subjective evaluation were excellent in 6.8%, good in 54.5%, fair in 29.5% and poor in 9.2%, and the results of objective evaluation were excellent in 15%, good in 46.6%, fair in 35%, and poor in 3.4%. 4. The results of subjective evaluation according to fracture type were excellent and good in 91.3% of type I, 42.1% of type II, and 10% of type III, and the results of objective evaluation were excellent and good in 78.3% of type I, 52.6% of type II, and 3.5% of type III. 5. The results of subjective and objective evaluation were not satisfactory in patients older than seventy years old. Above results suggest that the clinical results of non-operative treatment were not satisfactory in type III, therefore external fixation or operative treatment is recommended.

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Non-operative Treatment of Fracture of Distal Radius in Adults: Sang Won Park, Ki Hoon Kang, Ki Hong Lee; J Korean Soc Fract 1999;12(1):145-152. Published online January 31, 1999; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12671/jksf.1999.12.1.145

Abstract PDF: The authors analysed ninety-five cases of fracture of distal radius in adults with non-operative treatment followed for more than one year at Korea University Hospital from January 1991 to December 1996 to evaluate the clinical results according to the types of fracture by Fernandez classification and the methods of non-operative treatment. The results obtained were as follows ; 1. Methods of treatment were closed reduction and cast immobilization in 51 cases(53.7%) and closed reduction and percutaneous pinning in 44 cases(46.3%). 2. In a group treated with closed reduction and cast immobilization, the results of subjective evaluation were excellent in 3.9%, good in 47.1%, fair in 45.1% and poor in 3.9%, and the results of objective evaluation were good in 42.8%, fair in 36.5%, and poor in 20.7%. 3. In a group treated with closed reduction and percutaneous pinning, the results of subjective evaluation were excellent in 6.8%, good in 54.5%, fair in 29.5% and poor in 9.2%, and the results of objective evaluation were excellent in 15%, good in 46.6%, fair in 35%, and poor in 3.4%. 4. The results of subjective evaluation according to fracture type were excellent and good in 91.3% of type I, 42.1% of type II, and 10% of type III, and the results of objective evaluation were excellent and good in 78.3% of type I, 52.6% of type II, and 3.5% of type III. 5. The results of subjective and objective evaluation were not satisfactory in patients older than seventy years old. Above results suggest that the clinical results of non-operative treatment were not satisfactory in type III, therefore external fixation or operative treatment is recommended.

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Intra-articular Fracture of the Calcaneus: Analysis of Result of Operative Treatment and Prognostic Factor: Sung Soo Chung, Jai Gon Seo, Youn Soo Park, Chong Suh Lee, Tae Kyu Hwang; J Korean Soc Fract 1998;11(4):865-872. Published online October 31, 1998; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12671/jksf.1998.11.4.865

Abstract PDF: The calcaneus is the most commonly fractured tarsal bone, but the appropriate care of calcaneal fracture continue to be an unsolved dilemma. As technology in imaging has improved, operative treatment is more suggested. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the results of operative treatment in intra-articular calcaneal frcture and to analyse the results in accordance with various prognostic factors. We analysed retrospectively 13 patients, 17 intra-articular calcaneal fractures undergone operative treatment. Mean follow-up period was 27 months (range:13 ~ 44 months). There were 11 males and 2 females with 41 year old mean age (range:18 ~ 63 years old). Clinical assessment used the modified Creighton-Nebraska health foundation assessment sheet for fracture of the calcaneus. We obtained excellent result in 7 cases (41.2%), good in 2 cases (11.8%), fair in 7 cases (41.2%) and poor in 1 case (5.8%). Clinically age and body weight, radiologically Bohler angle, fibulo-calcaneal distance and subtalar joint discrepancy are related to the prognosis of intra-articular calcaneal fracture following operative treatment. Postoperative complications are limping (2 case), heel pain (3 cases), hump bump of calcaneus (1 case) and subtalar arthritis (1case). In conclusion, on the basis of our results, there is a relationship between anatomical abnormalities of the heel and a poor clinical outcome. Therefore, in operative treatment of intra-articular fracture of calcaneus, we recommend anatomical reduction, if possible, not only of the subtalar joint but also of the Bohler angle and fibulo-calcaneal distance.

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Operative Treatment of the Displaced Clavicle Shaft Fracture in Adult: Ig Gon Kim, Jae Hyek Kim, Chul Hyun Kim, Ryong Hwang; J Korean Soc Fract 1998;11(2):273-280. Published online April 30, 1998; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12671/jksf.1998.11.2.273

Abstract PDF: Clavicle fracture is one of the most common fracture, which had been managed via conservative methods with some exceptions such as nonunion. Operative treatment had been regarded as an important cause of nonunion and poor outcome. Nowadays, however, the goal of fracture treatment has become anatomical reduction, rigid fixation and early rehabilitation for better final results. We managed 43 clavicular shaft fracture which was displaced above 11mm, with conservative treatment (23 cases) and operative treatment (20 cases) since 1990 to 1995. All patients achieved good union in both group, except 5 nonunions of conservative treatment and no significant difference in union time. By functional evaluation of shoulder by Weitzman, final results were excellent in 17, good in 2 cases, fair in 1 case with operative treatment and excellent in 12, good in 4, fair in 3 and poor in 4 cases with conservative treatment. It was concluded that early operative treatment of clavicular shaft fracture showed better result than conservative treatment, especially in displaced and comminuted ones.

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The Operative Treatment of Scapula Fracture: Joo Tae Park, Gil Yeong Ahn, Young Shik Shin, dong Keun Kim; J Korean Soc Fract 1998;11(1):41-46. Published online January 31, 1998; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12671/jksf.1998.11.1.41

Abstract PDF: Fractures of the scapula are rare and those were treated conservatively, in general. But, some instances, conservative care cases remain limitation of range of motion, long standing pain and insufficiency of the muscle power. The purpose of his study is to evaluate the clinical results of the operative treatment on the scapular fracture. From May 1989 to December 1994, we treated 17 scapular fractures by the open reduction and internal fixation. We were able to follow up 14 cases, of which 11 cases(79%) had complete functional recovery. The other 3 cases (21%) had varying degree of pain, loss of mobility and weakness. Overall, however, 13 cases (93%) patients had good to excellent results.

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Treatment of Open Segmental Fracture of the Tibia: Kyeong Soon Kim, Kyu Chul Shin, Dong Hyeuk Kim, Dong Heon Kim; J Korean Soc Fract 1998;11(1):205-213. Published online January 31, 1998; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12671/jksf.1998.11.1.205

Abstract PDF: Tibial segmental fractures are considered special type of lesion and pose many problems and the results often are unsatisfactory. We performed retrospective study of the 17 cases of open tibial segmental fracture which were treated from January 1990 to December 1995 and evaluated the efficacy of the external fixation and intramedullary nailing. The segmental fracture were classified according to the Melis classification and open fracture were classified according to the Gustilo-Anderson classification. After average follow-up of 16 months (range, 12 to 24 months), all of the fractures had healded except one. The results were as follows: 1. The average time of union was 22.5 weeks in the case of intramedullary nailing (Endernail; 26 weeks, Interlocking IM nailing; 21 weeks) and 31 weeks in the case of external fixation (Monofixator; 28 weeks, Ilizarov external fixator; 34 weeks). 2. Nonunion and osteomyelitis was developed in one case of Ilizarov external fixation and 5 cases of pin tract infection were also developed. Among 8 cases of external fixation group, 4 cases of delayed union and one case of malunion were developed. 3. In intramedullary nailing, delayed union was developed in 4 cases. 4. The functional results by Tile rating system were showed good in 6 cases, acceptable in 8 and poor 3. In concla\usion, intramedullary nailing provided better ressults thanexternal fixator in open segmantal tibial fractures, but we consider fixation device should be selected depending on the fracture type, degree of comminution and condition of the soft tissue.

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Treatment of Acromioclayicular Dislocation-Comparative Study between Operative and Conservative Method: Young Su Lee, Min Ki Kim; J Korean Soc Fract 1997;10(4):918-924. Published online October 31, 1997; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12671/jksf.1997.10.4.918

Abstract PDF: There has been considerable controversy as to the method of treatment of acromioclavicular joint especially in grade III injury. We treated 27 cases of the complete dislocation of acromioclavicular dislocation with operative method(15 cases) and conservative method(12 cases) from October 1989 to November 1995. The purpose of this study is to compare the clinical and radiological result of two treatment method. The average follow up period was thirty nine months and the result as follows. 1. Of the 27 cases, there was 18 male and 9 female patients, and peak incidence was in 3rd and 4th decades(51%). 2. The most common causes of the injury was traffic atcident(49%). 3. The functional results were similiar to all treatment modalities, and coracoclavicular interval ratio was well manintained regardless of treatment. 4. Complication rate was more lower in the group of conservative treatment. 5. The conservative treatment was proven to be a valuable method for acromioclavicular dis- location except in a few situations.

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Postoperative Infection in the Closed Fractures of the Long Bone: Hyoun Oh Cho, Kyoung Duck Kwak, Sung Do Cho, Bab Jae Lee, Il Jong Yang; J Korean Soc Fract 1997;10(4):866-871. Published online October 31, 1997; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12671/jksf.1997.10.4.866

Abstract PDF: Operative treatment for closed fractures of the long bone has many advantages including early restoration of function by stable fixation, but has untoward problems including postoperative infection. The authors reviewed 19 cases of postoperative infection for closed long bone fracture during the period from January, 1990 to December, 1995 and analyzed about clinical, radiologic, pathologic findings and found causes of infection. Most cases were associated with multiple fractures of major bones or injuries to the vital organs and delayed over 48 hours after injury to operation. Operation time was prolonged due to the simultaneous operations for multiple fractures and associated open fractures at the same time. Staphylococcus aureus was the most frequent offending organism. Irregular resorption of plate-bone interface with resultant gap between the plate and bone, on the radiographic follow up, may indicate postoperative infection.

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Results of Operative Treatment in Fracture of the Proximal Tibial Plateau: Yong yeun Kim, Dong Chul Lee, Jong Chul Ahn; J Korean Soc Fract 1997;10(4):823-831. Published online October 31, 1997; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12671/jksf.1997.10.4.823

Abstract PDF

The tibial plateau fractures commonly result from high energy trauma such as traffic accidents or falls, and it is can produce the disability of the knee joint because it is frequently accompanied by the soft tissue injury such as ligaments and menisci. Even if accurate anatomical reduction and rigid internal fixation with early motion can decrease the complications, recent study show unacceptable results from 20 to 40 persents of cases. We have analysed 44 cases of tibial condylar fracture which were treated with operative method at Yeungnam University Hospital from Feb. 1990 to Apr. 1996. The results were as follows : 1. The type of fracture by Schatzker classification revealed in type 17 cases(16%) type II 4 cases (9%), the III 8 cases(18%), type IV 5 cases(11%), type V 13 cases(30%), type VI 7 cases(16%), and the main causes of injury were traffic accident(35 cases;80%), and fall(6 cases). The associated injury occured in 30 cases(68%) . Half of them (57%) were ipsilateral fibular fracture in 9 cases, ipsilateral patellar fracture in 8 cases, and ipsilateral femoral fracture in 8 cases. 2. The Clinical evaluation by Hohl criteria revealed in 76.8 scores fair in average in 44 cases, those were excellent in 2 cases(5%), good in 27 cases(62%) and poor in 5 cases(11%). The Subjective evaluation of the patients were more than good in 13 cases(29%), and less than fair in 31 cases (71%). The clinical averge score according to the type of fracture by Hohl evaluation were 79 in type I, 81 in type II, 81 in type III, 74 in type IV, 84 in type V and 72 in type VI. 3. The clinical results according to the adeqacy of reduction of depressed joint surface after operation were more than good(score>80) when the anatomic or adequate reduction of joint surface were performed. 4. The most complication was limitation of motion in 11 cases(25%), the other complications showed angular deformity in 6 cases(15%), infection in 5 cases, traumatic arthritis in 5 cases, and pernoneal palsy in 4 cases.

Citations

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Second-look arthroscopy after surgical treatment of Schatzker type II plateau fractures through the lateral submeniscal approach
Han-Jun Lee, Ho-Joong Jung, Eui-Chan Chang, Jae-Sung Lee, Hyoung-Seok Jung
Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery.2014; 134(4): 495. CrossRef
Dual Plate Fixation Compared with Hybrid External Fixator Application for Complex Tibial Plateau Fractures
Jae-Sung Lee, Yong-Beom Park, Han-Jun Lee
Journal of the Korean Fracture Society.2008; 21(2): 124. CrossRef

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Operative Treatment of the Malunited Phalangeal Neck Fractures: Ho Jung Kang, Young Gon Koh, Joong Won Ha, Eung Shick Kang; J Korean Soc Fract 1997;10(3):658-664. Published online July 31, 1997; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12671/jksf.1997.10.3.658

Abstract PDF: It is generally accepted that malunited phalangeal neck fracture in hands not only limits range of motion but also accelerates the onset of degenerative changes, with increasing pain and stiffness of the affected joint. When displaced or rotated phalangeal neck fracture presents within the first or second weeks, properly performed closed or open reduction with percutaneous pinning or internal fixation is excellent options with predictable results. Malaligned fractures that present later frequently cannot be readily reduced. Once fully united, treatment options have included corrective osteotomy if function is significantly impaired or if appearance is objectionable. We have followed 9 patients, who had operations for malunited phalangeal neck fractures. The average length of follow up was 27 months. The interval between injury and operation ranged from 4 weeks to 6 years, with a mean of 21 months. Sites of operation include thumbs(3 cases), 2nd fingers(1 case), 3rd fingers(2 cases), 4th fingers(2 cases) and 5th finger(1 case). For those cases with less than 8 weeks elapsed since the injury, osteoclasis of the fracture with fixation using K-wire or pull-out was carried out. For those cases with more than 8 weeks elapsed, realignment osteotomy followed by fixation with K-wire or miniscrew was used. Parameters for the evaluation of result include range of motion to within 10 degree of full range in each joint, deviation of the fingers during active maximum flexion and extension, the minimum distance between the tip of the finger pulp and the palm, full bony union, relief of pain and the subjective cosmetlc result. Excellent and good results were noticed in 7 cases. The best results can be achieved only with near-anatomic restoration of the joint surface and early active motion exercise. In conclusion, with careful patient selection and close attention to operative detail, operative treatment of malunited phalangeal neck fracture can be effective.

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The Clinical Result of Operative Treatment of the Comminuted Patellar Fractures : A Comparison of Clinical Results According to the Operative Methods and the Postoperative Cares: Byeong Yoen Seong, Jong Hoon Lee, Seung Jun Park; J Korean Soc Fract 1997;10(3):604-613. Published online July 31, 1997; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12671/jksf.1997.10.3.604

Abstract PDF: Approximately one third of patellar fractures require surgery and stellate and comminuted frachres of the patella has been increased. Operative treatment of the patella should be achieved to ensure continuity of the extensor mechanism, to preserve patellar function and reduce the incidence of complications related to articular fracture. Various techniques of internal fixation have been recommended for comminuted fracture of De patella, but there are some complications including loss of fragment position, reoperation, nonunion, loss of range of motion and loss of extensor mechanism strength. The evaluation of the clinical results in rigid fixation group which was made postoperative excercise from postoperative 2 weeks without cylinder cast application, was needed for the purpose whether or not to decrease those complications. We reported 46 cases of comminuted patellar fracture who were operated various methods with or without cylinder cast as postoperative care, from Jun 1990 to Dec 1995 at the department of orthopaedic surgery, Dongrae Bongsaeng hospital. In conculsions, rigid fixation as using Kirschner wires with modified anterior tension band and a circumferential wiring and early motion without cylinder cast for the comminuted patellar could be increased the fusion rate and range of motion and recovered function of the knee joint.

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A Operative Treatment of the Tibial Pilon Fractures : For minimize soft tissue injury: Jae Do Kang, Kwang Yul Kim, Hyung Chun Kim, Moon Sub Yim, Sang Hoon Ko; J Korean Soc Fract 1997;10(2):346-355. Published online April 30, 1997; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12671/jksf.1997.10.2.346

Abstract PDF: The tibial Pilon fracture is difficult to manage because high energy axial compression and rotational forces which make severe injuries to the ankle joint, which result in impaction, severe comminution, metaphyseal disruption and soft tissue trauma. Though there are variable methods of treatment including manipulation and cast, calcaneal traction and cast, external fixation, pin and plaster, limited open reduction and external fixation, open reduction and internal fixation and arthrodesis, most of authors reported better result after a surgical treatment than that of conservative treatment. While there is no doubt that the treatment of ankle joint injuries is much improved today, complications are still very common for many reasons. We have reviewed the 19 cases of the tibial plafond fractures on 18 patients which were treated at orthopedic department, Walles Memorial Baptist Hospital, from March 1991 to February 1995. The results were as follows . 1. There were so much combined injuries that physician must evaluate other injury such as spinal compression fracture. 2. The most frequent type of pilon fracture was type 3, the 2nd was type 5 by Ovadia and Beals classification. 3. Regardless of the treatment method, type 1 and 2 were excellent subjective result by Ovadia and Beals subjective evaluation classificatioin, but in case of type 3, 4 we could get a good and excellent result by anatomical open reduction and internal fixation. 4. We could reduce complications of the postoperative wound infection and skin necrosis by posteromedial and posterolateral approach after skeletal traction and manual reduction for more than one week.

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Operative Treatment of the Tibial Condylar Fracture: Yong Man Cho, Kun Yung Lee, Myung Sik Park, Cheon Dong Lee, Heung Sik Kang, Gue Cherl Cho; J Korean Soc Fract 1997;10(1):44-52. Published online January 31, 1997; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12671/jksf.1997.10.1.44

Abstract PDF: The tibial condylar fracture which involves articular surface of the proximal tibia is common in pedestrian injury of the traffic accident and often produces some disability of the knee joint because of the frequent association with ligamentous and meniscal injuries. Methods of treatment in fracture of the tibial condyles has long been a controversial problems. Recently most authors agree that the method of treatment has to be selected in each individual case and anatomical reduction of fracture and early knee motion are recommended but unsatisfactory results has been reported as between 20% and 40%. The authors analyzed 38 cases of the tibial condylar fractures, which were treated at the orthopedic department of the Lee-Rha general Hospital from 1990 to 1994, regarding its type, treatment and results. The results of this study were as follows. 1. According to Schatzker classification : the most common fracture was type II. 2. According to BloDers criteria, 28 cases showed satisfactory results(74%). 3. Postoperatively, early knee joint exercise like alternatively applying 90(knee flexion and extension splint were very important factors for good results).

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The Operative Treatment of Displaced Waist Fracture of Scaphoid: Kun Yung Lee, Young Kee Lee, Yong Man Cho, Heung Sik Kang, Cheon Dong Lee, Sang Su Oh; J Korean Soc Fract 1997;10(1):164-170. Published online January 31, 1997; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12671/jksf.1997.10.1.164

Abstract PDF: The authors surveyed the clinical study of 17 cases of scaphoid fractures from March 1989 to September 1994 with minimal 1 year follow up at Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Lee-Rha general Hospital. The following conclusions were obtained through clinical survey. 1. Of all 17 cases, they were 13 males and 4 females; Among the 13 males, 10 cases were aged between 20 and 39 years, forming 58.8% of all. 2. All 17 cases were treated by open reduction. Unions were obtained at average 11.5 weeks in 7 cases treated with Herbert screw fixation and 12 weeks in 10 cases treated with K-wire fixation. 3. Two of ten K-wire treated cases resulted in delayed union, one of seven Herbert screw treated cases resulted in delayed union. 4. Unions were obtained at average 20 weeks in 3 cases of delayed union. We concluded that open reduction and K-wire fixation were recomanded for the compatible treatment method of displaced waist fracture of scaphoid.

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Usefulness of Miniplate Fixation for the Fractures of Metacarpal and Phalangeal Bones of the Hand: Ig Gon Kim, Jae Hyek Kim, Chul Hyun Kim, Chul Hong Park; J Korean Soc Fract 1997;10(1):156-163. Published online January 31, 1997; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12671/jksf.1997.10.1.156

Abstract PDF: Before the introduction of internal fixation, the healing of a fracture was an unpredictable event. Internal fixation provides stability, and fractures heal predictably. The miniplate is used for unstable metacarpal and phalangeal fractures of the hand to provide stability and to allow early motion. We analysed 32 patients, 41 cases of metacarpal and phalangeal fractures of the hand which were treated with miniplates from Jan. 1990 to June 1995. The following results were obtained. 1. Mean age was 35 years and the male was predominent(81.3%). The most common fracture site was the metacarpal(51.2%). 2. TAM(total active motion) was 2240 in average and the best result was obtained in the metacarpal fractures(TAM = 239). The roentgenographic union was 16.8 weeks in average. 3. There were 6 complications(complication rate 14.6%) which were 3 cases of joint stiffness, a case of wound infection, a case of loss of reduction, and a case of delayed union. 4. Miniplate fixation is considered to be an useful method to get fracture union and good range of motion with low complication rate in the treatment of metacarpal and phalangeal fractures of the hand.

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Operative Treatment of Elbow Fractures and Dislocations in Adults: Sang Ho HA, Sang Hong Lee, Dong Min Shin, Young Bae Pyo, Pan Ok Kim; J Korean Soc Fract 1997;10(1):119-126. Published online January 31, 1997; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12671/jksf.1997.10.1.119

Abstract PDF: The elbow is highly constrained and stable joints in the body, but dislocation is not uncommon due to trauma such as traffic accident and sports injury. The relative incidence of associated fractures in previously reported series of elbow dislocations has ranged from 12% to 62%. Post-traumatic sequelae of the elbow fractures and dislocations are joint stiffness, nerve injury, non-union and heteroDopic ossification. Operative procedures for repair and reconstruction of the injured elbow are technically demanding and require careful planning. Because of the proximity of crucial neurovascular structures, a thorough knowledge of the anatomy and extensile exposure is essential. Thirteen adult patients with elbow dislocation associated with fractures about the elbow from June 1990 to June 1995 who had taken operative treatment were studied. The results were as follows ; 1. Most common direction of dislocation is posterior(8 cases) and most common associated fracture is radial head & neck fracture(7 cases). 2. Most common and disabling complication is limitation of motion(7 cases). 3. By the Mehlhoffs criteria, with regard to limitation of motion, pain, instability and neurovascular deficit, relatively good results are obtained at 9 cases(69%). 4. For better functional results, early reduction of dislocation, stable fixation of fracture and early motion is essential option in the management of elbow fractures and dislocations.

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