Journal of Musculoskeletal Trauma

Lateral Condylar Fracture of the Humerus in Children: An Epidemiological Analysis of 158 Cases: Chul Hyun Cho, Kwang Soon Song, Sung Won Sohn, Ki Chul Bae, Jung Hoon Lee; J Korean Fract Soc 2006;19(4):466-470. Published online October 31, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12671/jkfs.2006.19.4.466

PURPOSE
To analyze the correlation of various factors by examining the epidemiology of lateral condylar fracture of the humerus which is the second most fracture among elbow fractures in children.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Of 158 cases treated for lateral condylar fracture of the humerus in children from April 1996 to March 2006, their age and sex distribution, the seasonal frequency, etiology, type of fracture, method of treatment, etc. were analyzed retrospectively.
RESULTS
Boys were 113 cases, girls were 45 cases, and the mean age was 5.4 years. Regarding the seasonal occurrence, spring 43 cases, summer 44 cases, autumn 48 cases, and winter 23 cases had occurred. It occurred preferentially during the season when outdoor activity was most active. As its etiology, the accident in a playground was 39 cases, sports activity was 32 cases, traffic accident was 17 cases, slipping accident at home was 15 cases, falling accident at home was 14 cases, slip while playing with friends was 6 cases, a missing step while walking on stairs was 6 cases, fall from a height more than 2 floors was 4 cases, and the cases with unknown cause were 25 cases. According to the Jakob stage, the stage I was 42 cases, the stage II 77 cases, and the stage III was 39 cases. As treatment, cast immobilization was performed in 34 cases, closed reduction and percutaneous K-wire fixation was performed in 68 cases, and open reduction and K-wire fixation was performed in 56 cases. The prevalent causalities were play devices, accident during sports activity, and traffic accident, and in such cases, the displacement of fracture was severe and thus surgical treatments were performed in many cases (94%).
CONCLUSION
It is thought that during the season when outdoor action is active, particularly, for kindergarten children or the lower grade primary school children, safety education is required to prevent the fracture by play devices, sports activity and traffic accident.

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The Pattern of Occurrence of Fractures in Children and Adolescents and Its Managements Based on the Database of the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service
Yong-Wook Kwon, Soon-Hyuck Lee, Hyun-Woo Kim, Jin-Ho Hwang
Journal of the Korean Fracture Society.2014; 27(4): 308. CrossRef

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Comparison of Open Fixation and Closed Percutaneous Pinning in Jakob Stage II Lateral Condylar Fractures of Children: Eui Sung Choi, Dong Soo Kim, Hyun Chul Shon, Yong Min Kim, Kyoung Jin Park, Jun Mo Jeon, Gee Kang Park; J Korean Fract Soc 2006;19(2):277-282. Published online April 30, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12671/jkfs.2006.19.2.277

Abstract: PURPOSE
To compare the results of open fixation and closed percutaneous pinning in managing Jakob stage II lateral condylar fractures of children's elbow.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Since Febuary 2000, We operated 21 children with Jakob stage II lateral condylar fractures of elbow. Eleven of the 21 were treated with closed percutaneous pinning, open fixation was done to the other 10 children. Each patient was evaluated about range of motion, carrying angle, scar satisfaction and radiologic findings for comparison between closed pinning and open fixation groups.
RESULTS
Open fixation group showed 3.8 degrees decrease of elbow motion while closed pinning group showed no significant decrease. Carrying angle and radiologic findings were not different between the two groups. Open fixation group expressed dissatisfaction to their scars (average 5.2 cm) whereas all the patients of closed pinning group were satisfied with their functional and cosmetic outcomes.
CONCLUSION
In managing Jakob stage II lateral condyle fractures of children's elbow, closed percutaneous pinning was thought to be superior to open fixation because of the same functional outcome and much better cosmetic results.

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Treatment and Complications of Lateral Humeral Condylar Fractures in Children: Young Bae Pyo, Sang Ho Ha, Byoung Ho Lee, Gyoo Bum Cho; J Korean Soc Fract 1997;10(1):188-194. Published online January 31, 1997; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12671/jksf.1997.10.1.188

Abstract PDF: In dealing with lateral humeral condylar injuries, the chance of having a poor functional result with inappropriate management is much greater. Therefore, careful attention in treatment is required in order to reduce additional damage caused by excessive manipulation and firm internal fixation with accurate anatomical reduction is recommended for the prevention of complications even if displacement is not severe. The authors analyzed 29 fractures of the lateral condyle of humerus in children who were treated from Jan. 1990 to Dec. 1994. The results were as follows ; 1. All of fractures were Milch type II and Jakobs stage II was most common in 14 cases(48.3%). 2. They were treated with cast immobilization in 5 cases(17.2%), with percutaneous K-wires pinning in 5 cases(17.2%) and with open reduction and internal fixation in 19 cases(65.5%). 3. The complications were 12 cases of bony spur, 8 cases of bony overgrowth. 2 cases of premature epiphyseal fusion, 1 case of cubitus valgus with extension limitation, 1 case of pin site infection. 4. According to the criteria of Hardacre, we obtained excellent result in 10 cases(34.5%), good result in 17 cases(58.6%) and poor result in 2 case(6.9%).

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Change of Carrying Angle in Fracture of the Lateral Humeral Condyle in Children: The New Radiologic Carrying Angle Measuring Method: Jung Yoon Lee, Sung Keun Sohn, Keyong Taek Kim, Sung Soo Kim, Dong Man Park; J Korean Soc Fract 1995;8(1):140-151. Published online January 31, 1995; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12671/jksf.1995.8.1.140

Abstract PDF

The lateral condyle fracture of humerus in children is the second most common fracture among the elbow fractures. In dealing with this fracture, we have frequently encountered the various complications due to physeal plate and intraarticular involvement. Change of the carrying angle is one of the common complications, but many authors reported different results about the change of carrying angle. Also, it is too difficult to measure the carrying angle during the early stage of the treatment because of cast immobilization, motion limitation of elbow, and wide variations of radiologic carrying angle according to elbow position changes. We performed this study to find the more stable and predictable new radiologic measuring method about the carrying angle, and then analysed the factors affecting the changes of canying angle of the 23 patients of the lateral condyle fractures of the humerus in children who were treated and followed up more than twelve months at the Department of Orhopaedic Surgery, Dong-A University Hospital from May 1990 to April 1993. The results were as follows. 1. Carrying angles by Beals method showed variable values according to the elbow positions, but A-angles by the new measuring method were relatively stable regardless of the elbow positons. 2. Increase of clinical carrying angle was 3 cases, decrease was 9 cases, and ranges of clinical carrying angle change were from -7 degress to 14 degrees. Increase of A-angle was 7 cases, decrease was 4 cases, and ranges of A-angle change were from -10 degrees to +10 degrees. 3. The change of canying angle showed no correlation with Jacob stage, follow up duration, metaphyseal height and interval between injury and treatment. But the incidence and the amount of carrying angle change were increased according to the increased age at injury(r=0.62, P<0.01). 4. There were statistical significant correlation(r=-0.65, p<0.01) and regression between the change of canying angle and A-angle : Y=-0.99X+0.56(Y:change of clinical canying angle,X; A-angle change), (r2=0.42, P<0.01).

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Reliability of the Radiographic Parameters in Pediatric Supracondylar Fracture
Yoon Hae Kwak, Dong Jou Shin, Kun Bo Park
Journal of the Korean Fracture Society.2010; 23(1): 90. CrossRef

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